In order to compute the markup, compute the percentage like this:

The markup is then $12,32.
The selling price is the sum of the cost and the markup:
I'm not sure why options a. and d. are the same, but you would simply count the number of times x and m appear, while being multiplied together, and multiply the product of xm by that number. in this case, the number is 7, so you should get 7(xm) or 7xm.
It is a because i think it has about 4 solutions and that a sais it has more than one solution.
Answer:
1a) 1:2
1b) 2:3
Step-by-step explanation:
1a) 4:8 = 1:2
1b) 4 white and 8 red means 12 total so ratio for red would be 2:3