It was trench warfare that was used to a great extent in World War I. This led to a significant elongation of the conflict, since targeting soldiers was much harder.
Because the universities would allow them to investigate their theories, even if they weren't catholic things.
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A violent transition of power is messy, costly and unpredictable. A peaceful transition of power symbolizes that while we may not always agree with the person that takes office or favor them, we recognize that they were elected by the same Democratic processes that would work to our benefit in other cases. A peaceful transition of power is an indicator that the government is stable and can function.
A peaceful transition of power, one that America has had for the last 240 years, is nearly unheard of in terms of world history.
The main reason why Florence was able to enjoy a flourishing of the arts in the 15th century is because they had many wealthy families who acted as "patrons" of the arts by funding the projects of many great artists.