As "nurse" cells for neurons in the brain parenchyma, astrocytes are resident glial cells produced from neuroectoderm.
How astrocytes become pathological?
- Recent research has identified astrocytes as major disease-propagating agents in mutant human superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1)-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- However, due to the widespread expression of mSOD1 throughout the CNS of the investigated rodent models, in vivo examination of a specific astrocytic effect in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has proven challenging.
- In order to understand how mutant astrocytes affect WT MNs and other cell types (microglia and astrocytes) in an in vivo environment, we transplanted SOD1(G93A) glial-restricted precursor cells into the cervical spinal cord of WT rats.
- SOD1(G93A) glial-restricted progenitor cells that were transplanted survived and successfully differentiated into astrocytes.
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Answer:
As we have just seen, cells require a constant supply of energy to generate and maintain the biological order that keeps them alive. This energy is derived from the chemical bond energy in food molecules, which thereby serve as fuel for cells.
Explanation:
Answer: Circulatory system: ...
Digestive system and Excretory system: ...
Endocrine system: ...
Integumentary system / Exocrine system: ...
Immune system and lymphatic system: ...
Muscular system: ...
Nervous system: ...
Renal system and Urinary system.
Explanation:
Answer:
The answers are Fluorine and Francium.
Explanation:
Fluorine has the highest affinity for electrons while Francium has the lowest affinity for electrons. This can be measured by the electronegativity of each one, where Fluorine is the most electronegative element. This can also be seen by the accommodation of elements in the periodic table.
