The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached to further context or reference, we can say the following.
The characteristics of civilization are they have cities, a form of government, the presence of religions, solid culture and art, defined social structures, record keeping of time and events, education, and the presence of certain kinds of technology that allows the civilization to prosper.
The turn of civilizations can be problematic in that the evolution of man and its social structures is not an easy task to accomplish because humans have different interests regarding politics, and power. These interests sometimes clash with each other and problems arise. There are many different versions of what is good for civilization.
The oldest civilization on earth, according to historians, is Sumeria. This civilization settled in between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East region, modern-day Iraq.
The correct answer is B. Shi'ites
They believed that Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali. Opposite to this, Sunnis believed that his Caliph should lead the country.
Answer:
Islam as a religion began with the message which was spread by Islam’s Prophet and God’s Messenger Muhammad ibn Abdallah in the Arabian Peninsula in 610 CE and which was contained in the Qur’an, God’s revelation to Muhammad. After Muhammad’s death in 632, his followers, the Muslims, embarked on successive waves of conquest of the Middle East and beyond; within less than a century, they had political and military control of virtually all the lands between India and Spain. The exercise of this control came from a state that was called the caliphate, its ruler being viewed as the caliph, or “successor,” to the Prophet Muhammad. In the first few decades, the state, based in Arabia, was simple and its ruler elected on the basis of merit. However, following the expansion, it soon turned into a complex, multi-national empire ruled by dynasties based in Syria first (the Umayyads, 661-750 CE) and then in Iraq (the Abbasids, 750-1258 CE). The caliphal system became weakened in the later ninth century, and by the tenth century, real power had moved to several local dynasties although the caliph remained the nominal head of the empire. The Abbasid empire and most of the local dynasties were overrun and practically destroyed by the Mongol invasion of the Middle East in 1258. That invasion ended not only the early phase of Islamic history, but also the “Golden Age” of Islamic civilization, which had been developing slowly from the beginning of this period. The “Golden Age” refers to the period when the varied contributions of Islamic civilization reached their peak in both the indigenous Islamic disciplines (such as Islamic law) and the newly imported disciplines of late antiquity (such as philosophy).
Explanation:
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