1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
Alborosie
4 years ago
10

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) causes oxidative stress in cells. Peroxide signals through transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-kB. By the

way, Nrf2 is a leucine zipper protein which activates the promoters of genes like: NADPH quinone oxidoreductase which uses NADPH to reduce reactive quinones produced from peroxide, glutathione S-transferases which use glutathione to reduce reactive oxygen species and reverse damage to proteins, and efflux pumps which remove toxic compounds from the cell.
Hydrogen peroxide is known to inhibit the citric acid cycle and researchers have identified that the enzyme aconitase is inhibited 100% by 50uM of hydrogen peroxide. The other enzymes of the CAC are working normally at this concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Neurons are isolated and levels of NADH and CAC activity are measured.

A. How many ATP would be produced from complete catabolism of a molecule of glucose 6-phosphate in these cells with and without hydrogen peroxide? Assume the respiratory chain is functioning normally (even with peroxide) to allow for NADH to power synthesis of 2.5ATP and FADH2 to power the synthesis of 1.5ATP when oxygen is present.

B. A surprising and alarming result was obtained in these neuron cultures. When glutamate was present in the extracellular media, the amount of NADH and ATP were exactly the same in both untreated and hydrogen peroxide treated cells. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is shown below.

Outline the catabolism of glutamate and note the total NADH and ATP produced from 1 molecule of glutamate as it compares to 1 molecule of acetyl-CoA each being catabolized in the citric acid cycle. How would you classify glutamate dehydrogenase in terms of its enzymatic activity? What about its role in metabolism?

C. Researchers attempted to confirm their suspicion that the glutamate was serving as the energy source for neurons by depleting glucose from the media. In fact, when glucose was depleted, NADH and ATP levels were unchanged from part B. In other words, with and without hydrogen peroxide, steady state NADH and ATP levels were the same, even when no glucose was present.

Did they confirm their suspicion? Speculate on what is happening in neurons given these data.

D. Predict what you believe happens to the rates of isocitrate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in neurons treated with hydrogen peroxide in the absence of glucose and presence of glutamate.

E. Higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (>100uM) inhibit the enzyme a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

Speculate on what you believe will happen to the NADH and ATP concentrations neurons in the presence of 110uM hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glutamate and glucose.
Biology
1 answer:
Bess [88]4 years ago
3 0

Answer:

The response would be approximately 38 ATP for each metabolic cycle.

Explanation:

It seems a bit sloppy to me the way the question is written, as for what I have mentioned, what I can answer is the following ...

Free oxygen radicals and high concentrations of peroxide, which is the union between water and free protons in the medium, generate an oxidation-reduction reaction in the tissues that destabilizes the positions of the electrons of the tissue ions (only those found in the latter orbit of the compounds), this results in a process called cellular oxidative stress that triggers aging.

As for the process of phosphorylation of glucose to use it as an energy reserve in the form of starch or glycogen, this phosphorylation is carried out by means of a chemical reaction that what it allows by means of enzymes is that at carbon number 6 of the glucose is added or a phosphorus is added, in this way the glucose is disabled for spontaneous consumption and is administered as an energy reserve of the organism.

You might be interested in
Construct incomplete dominance vs codominance
Yakvenalex [24]

Answer:

Codominance is when both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype, like a flower that is half blue and half red. Incomplete dominance is a mixture of the alleles, like for example, a mixture of blue and red flower, a purple flower.

4 0
3 years ago
Can you kill brain cells by holding your breath for a minute
vitfil [10]
Yes it can kill brain cells. if you hold your breath for a short amount of time example 10 seconds it won't do any harm. but if you hold your breath for an extended time like a minute the cells will not get enough oxygen and eventually die. I hope I helped you
5 0
3 years ago
Do predators really kill only the old and sick prey? What evidence is there for this statement
Georgia [21]
No, but it is known that old/sick prey is much easier to catch. The evidence is that, say, there's no old and sick prey. The predator has to eat regardless, and whatever is there for it to take, it will. Think of a lion and a zebra, and the zebra is eating grass in the middle of a field. The lion is going to take that chance.
4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Describe the role of the medulla oblongata
Alika [10]
The medulla oblongata is the center of the brain responsible for circulation and respiration. It helps regulate breathing, digestion, sneezing, swallowing, and heart and blood vessel function.
6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Stacy bought two vegetables one of them is scaly with a few buds and the other has hairy structures which parts of the vegetable
Vilka [71]
This is from another brainly answer it's the same questions but it should be the correct answer because it's a certified answer. Hope this helps!

Tuber is thick underground stem, such as potato for example. It usually has buds from which new plants could grow. So, the first part of Stacy's vegetable is definitely turbous stem. The other part must be root, because it has hairy structures. These hair-like structures have function in <span>the absorption of water and minerals from the soil.</span>
7 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Other questions:
  • The fact that protein-based hormones are hydrophilic means that they:___________
    5·1 answer
  • Using the s-p timing method, epicenters can be located using seismograms from a minimum of ______ recording stations.
    14·1 answer
  • What structures in the small intestine are lined with capillaries that absorb nutrients?
    14·1 answer
  • Which of these is the most practical method to prevent global water shortage?
    13·1 answer
  • Please help me as soon as possible
    6·1 answer
  • Mitios produces which cell type
    11·2 answers
  • Half of the palindromic restriction site that the endonuclease PstI recognizes, binds, and cleaves is 5'-CTG________-3'. What is
    8·1 answer
  • Chromosomes which contain DNA has several functions ALL BUT ONE of these statements is a function of chromosomes
    12·2 answers
  • Predators CANNOT Group of answer choices restrict the distribution of their prey. cause the abundance of their prey to rise. qui
    15·1 answer
  • How is passive transport different from active transport?
    15·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!