The normal membrane potential inside the axon of nerve cells is –70mV, and since this potential can change in nerve cells it is called the resting potential. When a stimulus is applied a brief reversal of the membrane potential, lasting about a millisecond, occurs. This brief reversal is called the action potential
<span>A stimulus can cause the membrane potential to change a little. The voltage-gated ion channels can detect this change, and when the potential reaches –30mV the sodium channels open for 0.5ms. The causes sodium ions to rush in, making the inside of the cell more positive. This phase is referred to as a depolarisation since the normal voltage polarity (negative inside) is reversed (becomes positive inside). </span>
<span>Repolarisation. At a certain point, the depolarisation of the membrane causes the sodium channels to close. As a result the potassium channels open for 0.5ms, causing potassium ions to rush out, making the inside more negative again. Since this restores the original polarity, it is called repolarisation. As the polarity becomes restored, there is a slight ‘overshoot’ in the movement of potassium ions (called hyperpolarisation). The resting membrane potential is restored by the Na+K+ATPase pump.</span>
Two protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by complex iv for every pair of electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
<h3>What is
inner mitochondrial membrane?</h3>
- The mitochondrial membrane that divides the intermembrane gap from the mitochondrial matrix is known as the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).
- As a result, the inner mitochondrial membrane maintains the proton gradient that powers oxidative phosphorylation and serves as a functional barrier to the passage of tiny molecules between the cytosol and the matrix.
- Cristae are the name for the inner membrane folding of mitochondria.
- They broaden the surface.
- The inner or cytoplasmic membrane controls the flow of nutrients, metabolites, macromolecules, and information into and out of the cytoplasm and preserves the proton motive force necessary for energy storage.
- It is impermeable to polar molecules.
- The inner membrane of E is connected to more than 100 distinct proteins.
- Similar to the cell membrane, the mitochondrial inner membrane is mostly composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
- Several proteins that function to carry out the electron transport chain are embedded in this bilayer.
- The membrane's surface area is increased by folds called christae.
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Answer:
B. It's much harder to provide the right atmospheric environment to cultivate obligate anaerobes, so it's been harder to study them.
Explanation:
Obligate anaerobic bacteria are the ones that can grow only in the absence of oxygen. These bacteria do not derive the energy from aerobic cellular respiration and die when exposed to the presence of oxygen.
Owing to their oxygen sensitivity, the culturing of obligate anaerobic bacteria requires special equipment to ensure the absence of oxygen.
The presence of aerobic conditions in laboratories makes their culture and study harder than that of the aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria.
The answer is papillae and long claws
