Human monoclonal antibody (mAbs) are emerging in the field of cancer therapy and have become an increasing proportion of new drugs that are recently approved. Although there are some methods to obtain antigen-specific mAbs from human B cells, it is generally impossible to directly immunize human beings with antigens of interest. For example, for infectious agents, those approaches are largely restricted. To solve these obstacles, two main approaches have been developed; either by humanizing antigen-specific antibodies from small experimental animals (which is laborious due to the great genetic differences from humans) or rely on the in vitro selection of antigen-specific binders from human antibody repertoires. However, the human mAbs developed by these methods are usually with low affinity.
We are now coming up with a much better idea that is humanizing non-human primates mAbs instead of murine mAbs. Due to the close genetic relationship with humans, immunized NHPs have more potential to be isolated with high affinity antibody to human target than other experimental species, such as mouse, rat and rabbit. In addition, with appropriate method, NHP antibodies are much<span> easier to be humanized</span> without any loss of affinity compared to widely used murine antibodies.
Resource: http://www.creative-biolabs.com/High-Affi-TM-Human-Antibody-Discovery.html
The rekation between inslin and glucagon is they both secrete a harmones in respone to blood sugar levels,but in opposite fashion.
Evpor in water it's became rain clouds it was moving place to place
Answer:
A,B and E
Explanation:
- I+: I refers to the lac repressor, the + indicates that the repressor is functional
- P+: P refers to the promoter region and the + indicates that the promoter is functional
- Oc: O refers to the operator region, but the Oc indicates that the operator is constitutive ie. that it is always on/ can't be turned off.
- Z-: Z refers to the LacZ gene which produces β-galactosidase. Z- indicates that this gene is non-functional
- Y+: Y refers to the LacY gene which produces the permease protein. Y+ indicates that this gene is functional
So based on the breakdown above:
- C is not true because the lac operon is an inducible system. The operator needs to be able to be repressed. In this case the operator is constitutive (always on) which is not the correct form.
- D is not true because Z-, no β-galactosidase is produced.
Only A, B and E apply.
The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the rest of the body for energy and metabolism.
