Mercantilism was an economic theory whereby colonies were founded and maintained for the benefit of the mother country. Furthermore, the government had the ability to regulate its own economy with the intent of dominating over rival countries. Mercantilist countries tended to favor the creation of domestic (national) industries and businesses, and tried to discourage importing goods from other economies (usually by tariffs.) Effective mercantilism was thought to enable a country to become economically self-sufficient. This is the sort of relationship England had with the American colonies. Mercantilism dominated the economic landscape. Colonists were only able to trade with British merchants, and colonial manufacturing ventures were largely frowned upon. The British Navigation Acts regulated these policies. Smuggling was common. Politically, the British practiced a policy of salutary neglect.
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led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU)
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The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers. The building has been designated a National Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark.
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A Jeffersonian Republican, she took a firm stand against ratification of the Constitution, which put her at odds with conservative political friend, John Adams, a champion of the document. Likely based on her personal experiences, she opposed women's lack of access to formal education. Warren lived to age eighty-six.
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One of the most notable examples of American imperialism in this age was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had formally belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands.
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Since before recorded history, environmental changes have affected things people value. In consequence, people have migrated or changed their ways of living as polar ice advanced and retreated, endured crop failures or altered their crops when temperature and rainfall patterns changed, and made numerous other adjustments in individual and collective behavior. Until very recently, people have responded to global phenomena as if they were local, have not organized their responses as government policies, and have not been able to respond by deliberately altering the course of the global changes themselves. Things are different now from what they have been for millennia.
This chapter examines the range of human consequences of, and responses to, global environmental change. We begin by developing the concept of human consequences and showing why, to understand them, it is critical to understand the variety of human responses to global change. We then offer a framework for thinking about human responses and discuss the pivotal role of conflict. The next section examines three cases that illustrate many of the major factors influencing the human consequences of global change. The following sections describe the human systems that are affected by or respond to global change, and how they interrelate. We conclude by offering some general principles for research and some research implications.
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