Answer:
Urbanization has environmental and economic advantages for humans, but also substantial disadvantages, including increased problems with physical and mental health/stress, a modified climate, water and energy management, and air pollution.
Answer:
Macrophages are part of your innate immune system, which is antigen-independent and does not require activation.
Explanation:
Macrophages phagocytize (internalize) all non-self pathogens it encounters. These do their job without activation. Other cells in the innate immune system include basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils (these cells are polymorphonuclear leukocytes), mast cells, and dendritic cells, which act as the bridge between your innate and adaptive immune system.
All of the other entities listed above are part of your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is antigen-dependent and requires activation. This section of your immune system responds differently to different pathogens, and has the bonus of having immunologic memory, the ability to remember pathogens after infection and respond much quicker upon secondary and tertiary encounters.
Note: All lymphocyte types begin as naïve cells, which then differentiate into their fully matured form upon activation.
Helper T cells are a type of CD4+ T cell that has the job of activating B and T lymphocytes. There are two different types of T helper cells: Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells secrete the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and is primarily involved with the stimulation and activation of cytotoxic T cells, while Th2 cells secrete a variety of cytokines and are responsible for activating and assisting with B cells to make antibodies. To make a long story short, Th cells interact with APC (Antigen Presenting Cells), specifically their Class II MHC (a group of genes that present exogenous proteins). The Th cells then proliferate and gain the ability to activate these APC cells and provide the necessary signals to activate B and T cells and make them proliferate and do their specific function.
Answer:
H2O and O2
Explanation:
water and oxygen is required for photosynthesis
A) a spurt in the number of jellyfish because there will be a decreased number of turtles to feed on them
The biome that has infertile soil, principally oxisols, to which the vegetation <span>has roots systems that capture nutrients from litter decay, is the tropical rainforest.
Soil types are highly variable in the tropics and are the result of a combination of several elements or variables which includes climate, vegetation, topographic position, parent material and also the soil age. Most of the tropical soils are described by leaching and poor nutrients. It also has two classifications: namely the ultisols and oxisols. Ultisols are known as well-weathered, acidic red clays soils. They are deficient primarily in major nutrients such as potassium and calcium. Oxisols are also an acidic type of tropical soil. However, they are well drained compared to the ultisols.
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