Cartilaginous fish do not contain any bones - their skeleton is made up of cartilage.
ANNANANANA I did Anna Amal’s
Answer:
A process of change in a population through genetic variation.
Explanation:
Evolution is the process of change in heritable characteristics of populations of organisms over several generations as it allow natural selection in it.
Genetic variation which refers to differences in gene frequencies is an important force in evolution which relies of natural selection to cause an increase or reduce gene frequencies in a population. Evolution lead to changes in genetic material of populations over time which make them to develop genes that will allow them to adapt to their environment for survival and reproduction.
Answer:
Release of electrons from reducing powers to O2 via four protein complexes allows release of small amount of energy at each step and makes the process energy efficient.
Explanation:
If NADH and FADH2 would reduce O2 directly, a large amount of energy would have been released in a single step. On the other hand, oxidation of these reducing powers through a series of electron carrier release a small amount of energy at each step which in turn is temporarily stored in form of proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Transfer of a pair of the electron to O2 pumps four protons by complex I, four by complex III and two by complex IV. The resultant proton motive force effectively stores the energy of electron transfer. This energy is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
