Any genetically engineered organisms is referred to as a transgenic organism.
A transgenic organism is any organism that was modified genetically or engineered by humans, for certain purposes, in this case, the function of the thale cress is to break down toxic metals in the water (cress plants grow on water).
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Atoms bound together and form molecules. Molecules are a little more complex than atoms. For example water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom which are both gases. Properties of oxygen and hydrogen are completely different than water molecules.
It started in 1798, to the 1800. This period is when the human population began to grow at a faster rate then any other time in history.