Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm
Comparative with a wide range of variables
The answer is letter d, it is because when a person becomes obese, he or she is likely to intake small amounts of food if he or she wants to maintain his or her weight and if the person does not want to gain weight anymore and than it is more different when gaining weight or when the person was in the point to become obese because he or she has ingested more food to gain weight.
The DNA is stored in the nucleus of the cell. Different genes are active in different kinds of cells. Most living things are composed of different kinds of cells specialized to perform different functions. A liver cell, for example, does not have the same biochemical duties as a nerve cell.
It would be nice to see the 4 stages titled to have a clue to what they could be. You see, chemical evolution is a myth, like Darwin's "warm little ponds." There are no naturalistic processes that have any power to accomplish the complex, diverse, extensive and highly non-entropic assembly of biochemical elements, molecules and assemblies into even the simplest life.
There is no primordial soup, panspermia is a distraction, none of the intractable issues for the origin of life.
Logically, the first step is collection of all elements, second, first level assembly of amino acids lipid membranes, proteins, third, higher level combination of biochemical molecules and generation of nucleotide coded DNA containing the processing code for generation and production of RNA, enzymes ribozymes and all other cellular functions, then fourth, the execution of all metabolism, nutrient collection, waste elimination and reproduction consistent with a living organism. Admittedly speculative since chemical evolution is a myth.
