Answer:
c. (i) and (ii) only
Explanation:
Monopolistic competition characterizes an industry in which many firms offer products or services that are similar, but not perfect substitutes. Barriers to entry and exit in a monopolistic competitive industry are low, and the decisions of any one firm do not directly affect those of its competitors.
A monopoly is a market situation in which there is only one seller of a product which has no close substitute. It is a market in which one firm has the prevailing power in the industry.
A firm in a monopolistically competitive market is similar to a monopoly in the sense that (i) they both face downward-sloping demand curves. (ii) they both charge a price that exceeds marginal cost.
Answer:
a. The face value of the bond was $100,000
Explanation:
Answer:
B. The hedge is asymmetric.
Explanation:
Hedging refers to a technique or a mechanism whereby firms and individuals aim for risk reduction, arising out of uncertain and volatile business situations, which may result into a heavy loss.
For example, an exporter entering into a forward contract to eliminate or reduce the risk of arising out of a future situation wherein, future receipts denominated in a foreign currency, receivable at a future date, may be less than same receipts receivable at current spot exchange rate as on today.
Currency hedge ratio depicts the proportion of total exposure which is covered by hedge w.r.t the total exposure itself.
Asymmetrical hedge refers to covering an exposure by an opposite position wherein the chances of earning profits are higher than the losses current position can lead to. Such an hedge would be similar to covering a call option with a put option. Asymmetrical refers to being of dissimilar or non equal size. Here, it refers to the dissimilarity between prospective profits and losses.
Under a perfect hedge, the loss position in a scenario is completely covered i.e 100% by a prospective gain in other situation, with there being negative correlation between the two scenarios such as if scenario 1 yields a profit, scenario 2 would yield a loss and vice versa.
Answer:
4.96%
Explanation:
In order to determine the component after-tax cost of debt first we need to compute the before tax cost of debt by applying the RATE formula which is to be shown in the attachment below:
Given that,
Present value = $1,155
Future value or Face value = $1,000
PMT = 1,000 × 8.25% ÷ 2 = $41.25
NPER = 40 years × 2 = 80 years
The formula is shown below:
= Rate(NPER;PMT;-PV;FV;type)
The present value come in negative
So, after applying the above formula
1. The pretax cost of debt is 3.54% × 2 = 7.08%
2. And, the after tax cost of debt would be
= Pretax cost of debt × ( 1 - tax rate)
= 7.08% × ( 1 - 0.30)
= 4.96%
Scarcity occurs when the demand for something exceeds the supply. Examples often occur with natural resources when they are over used. Think of over fishing, hunting or poor farming. The choice to over hunt in present may cost hunting opportunities in the future.
