Answer: RNAs are not processed before translation in prokaryotes, this process only takes place in eukaryotes.
Explanation:
Messenger RNA or mRNA is a single-straded ribonucleic acid that transfers the genetic information from the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule of the cell nucleus to a ribosome (which are the machinery responsible for protein synthesis) in the cytoplasm. mRNA determines the order in which the amino acids of a protein will be joined and acts as a template or pattern for the synthesis of that protein. To accomplish this, the DNA molecule must be transcribed into an RNA molecule, which is used for protein synthesis.
The messenger RNA obtained after transcription is known as primary transcribed RNA or precursor RNA or pre-mRNA, which in most cases is not released from the transcription complex in a fully active form, but in eukaryotes it must undergo modifications before it can perform its function (RNA processing or maturation). These modifications include:
- Elimination of fragments (splicing): In most cases, the <u>mRNA undergoes the removal of internal, non-coding sequences called introns, and the connection of exons. This does not occur in prokaryotic cells</u>, as they do not have introns in their DNA.
- Protection by CAP: <u>Addition to the 5' end of the structure called "cap" or "capping"</u>, which is a modified guanine nucleotide, 7-methylguanosine triphosphate, via a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage, instead of the usual 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. This cap is necessary for the normal RNA translation process and to maintain its stability.
- Polyadenylation signal: <u>Addition to the 3' end of a poly-A tail, a long polyadenylate sequence, whose bases are all adenine</u>. Its addition is mediated by a sequence or polyadenylation signal (AAAAAA), located 11-30 nucleotides upstream of the original 3' end. This tail protects the mRNA from degradation, and increases its half-life in the cytosol, so that more protein can be synthesized.
The mature mRNA (in eukaryotes) is transferred to the cytosol of the cell through pores in the nuclear envelope. Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes are coupled to the mRNA. However, in prokaryotes, ribosome binding occurs while the mRNA strand is being synthesized. After a certain amount of time, the mRNA is degraded into its component nucleotides by ribonucleases. So, the transcription and translation processes are carried out in a similar way as in eukaryotic cells but they occur simultaneously. But, the fundamental difference is that, in prokaryotes, the messenger RNA does not undergo a maturation process and, therefore, no cap or tail is added and no introns are removed. Moreover, it does not have to leave the nucleus as in eukaryotes, because in prokaryotic cells there is no defined nucleus.
So, RNAs are not processed before translation in prokaryotes, this process only takes place in eukaryotes.
Answer:
The correct answer would be A. how living organisms interact and function.
The term biology comes from Greek words "bios" which means life and "logos" which means study.
Biology is defined as the natural sciences that study life and all the living organisms including their chemical processes, physical structures, development, physiological mechanisms, molecular interactions, and evolution.
<span> B. plutonic. An intrusive igneous rock is also known as plutonic</span> and has large crystals from slow-cooling magma. Types of intrusive rocks include gabbro, granite, dunite and diorite.
Answer:
We learned in biology class that every cell in the body has the same DNA. Whether a heart cell, skin cell or muscle cell—they all read from the same genetic blueprint. Now, scientists are learning there is more to the story.
C. A wall of stones and mortar
This would act as a model describing the cell membrane.
Explanation;
A cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
A cell membrane hold the different components of the cell together and to protect it from the environment outside the cell. It acts as a boundary between the inside environment and the outside environment of a cell.
It regulates the materials that enters and exits the cell; through selective movement of substances in and out of the cell.
