The answer is c.characterization
The clues that signal the reader should change tone are the punctuation marks, the grammatical signs. For example, the quotation marks at the beginning of something someone else said literally or the exclamation marks.
The tone of the first line of dialogue until "Gettysburg" is a kind tone, a tone of advise. The narrator is trying to help the other person in doing something he or she obviously is finding hard to do by giving a piece of advise and bringing up a memory of a successful similar case.
The clue that helps the reader understand how to read the word "bang" is the exclamation mark. It gives the word a surprise tone, a strong accent.
The best tone for reading the word "bang" is an exciting tone, a surprise one, even a loud one.
The words that should be read with a formal tone are the ones that give factual information. The sentence: Mister Lincoln couldn't think of anything to say at the Gettysburg" gives information about an event and it needs to be read formally, also, when the narrator wants to transmit calmness, a formal and slow tone is needed, because people also transmit messages with the vibrations of our voices and tones.
Significantly lower as water is a greenhouse gas and traps heat within the atmosphere.
