<span>Challenges:
1. Vietnam
2. The worst economy since the Great Depression
3. Communist Europe (the Helsinki Accords)
4. Richard Nixon
One month after taking over the presidency, Ford pardoned Nixon. This
caused a lot of controversy but Ford claimed he did it to save the
nation from the prospect of a long, messy, and divisive trial.
In 1974, President Ford also offered clemency to those who evaded the
draft during the Vietnam War if they would swear allegiance and perform
two years of public service. Similarly, those who deserted during the
war could return for two years in the branch they left to achieve
clemency. However, Ford was criticized both by those who felt he was
being to easy on the draft dodgers and those who had avoided the service
because they felt they were in the right.
In 1974, Ford asked for aid to be sent to South Vietnam as fighting had
resumed. Congress would not agree. In April 1975, Saigon fell and by
1976, North and South Vietnam were united into one country.
Ford escaped two assassination attempts, both by women. First on
September 5, 1975, Lynette Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed
a gun at him but did not fire. She was convicted of attempting to
assassinate the president and sentenced to life in prison. The second
attempt on Ford's life occurred on September 22, 1975 when Sara Jane
Moore fired one shot that was deflected by a bystander. Moore was trying
to prove herself to some radical friends with the assassination of the
president. She was convicted of attempted assassination and sentenced to
life in prison.</span>
<span>It is composed of water and other soluble ions. About 80% of the cytoplasm is water. It also contains dissolved carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
</span><span>It is a very good conductor of electricity.</span>
Bone found at the lower-back area of the cranium
Two of these options are correct (A & E)
So, the correct option is D.
<h3>About ADH/Vasopressin:</h3>
- Other name for ADH is arginine vasopressin.
- It is a hormone produced by the brain's hypothalamus and kept in the posterior pituitary gland.
- It instructs the kidneys on how much water to hold onto.
- The amount of water in your blood is continuously regulated and balanced by ADH.
- Your blood's volume and pressure increase with higher water concentration.
- ADH helps to sustain water metabolism along with osmotic sensors and baroreceptors.
- The concentration of particles in your blood causes osmotic sensors in the hypothalamus to respond.
- Carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium, chloride, and other chemicals are among these particles.
- These sensors and baroreceptors tell your kidneys to store or release water to maintain a healthy range of these substances when particle concentration is out of balance or blood pressure is too low.
- They also control how thirsty your body feels.
- The particular nerve cells that make anti-diuretic hormone are located in the hypothalamus, a region at the base of the brain.
- The hormone is sent by the nerve cells to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is released into the bloodstream, via their nerve fibers (axons).
- By influencing the kidneys and blood arteries, anti-diuretic hormone aids in maintaining blood pressure.
- Its primary function is to decrease the volume of water excreted in the urine, so conserving your body's fluid volume.
- This is achieved by permitting a specific region of the kidney to enable water from the urine to be reabsorbed into the body.
- As a result, the bloodstream is replenished with more water, urine concentration increases, and water loss is decreased.
<h3> Aquaporins and ADH:</h3>
- Antidiuretic hormone levels above a certain threshold narrow (constrict) blood arteries, raising blood pressure.
- The only way to fully recover from a lack of bodily fluid (dehydration) is by drinking more water.
- The aquaporin 2 protein is made according to instructions from the AQP2 gene.
- The water molecules are transported across cell membranes by this protein, which creates a channel.
- Collecting ducts, a network of tiny tubes that reabsorb water from the kidneys into the bloodstream, are found in the kidneys where it is discovered.
- In order to keep the body's water balance in check, the aquaporin 2 water channel is crucial.
- A hormone known as vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone regulates the positioning of these channels (ADH).
- The body creates more ADH when the amount of fluid consumed is low or when there is a lot of fluid loss (for instance, through sweating).
- Aquaporin 2 water channels are ultimately inserted into the membrane of collecting duct cells by this hormone, which sets off chemical events.
- Due to the re-absorption of water into the bloodstream made possible by these channels, the urine is more concentrated.
- Less ADH is created when fluid intake is sufficient. Aquaporin 2 water channels are taken out of the collecting duct cells' membrane in the absence of signals from ADH.
- During these times, the urine is more diluted and less water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
Disclaimer: The given question was incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: ADH or Vasopressin...
A. Promotes the insertion of aquaporins (specifically AQP2) into the apical membrane of the collecting duct cells
B. Promotes the insertion of aquaporins (specifically AQP3 and AQP4) into the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct cells
C. All of these options are correct
D. Two of these options are correct
E. When released, increases the osmolarity of the excreted urine
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