The Shiites believed that Ali, Muhammad's son in law was the fourth rightly guided caliph, as he was related to Muhammad. This caused the first division in Islam as two groups, the Shiites and the Sunnis formed.
Answer:
Mainly it was because of the deep religion impact on society and individuals. The church had become the most powerful institution during the middle ages, even surpassing the power of the kings and nobles.
Anything rational or scientific said against the established religious teachings were regarded as Blasphemy and those who did that were severely punished. Even killed sometimes.
Explanation:
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After World War II, the West German socialist chancellors included expansion of the welfare state:
- national health care
- unemployment insurance
- financial aid for college students
Hope this helps!
Blessings!!!