<span>Rhabdomyolysis constitutes a common cause of acute renal failure and presents paramount interest. A large variety of causes with different pathogenetic mechanisms can involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure. Crush syndrome, one of the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis presents increased clinical interest, particularly in areas often involved by earthquakes, such as Greece and Turkey. Drug abusers are another sensitive group of young patients prone to rhabdomyolysis, which attracts the clinical interest of a variety of medical specialties.
We herein review the evidence extracted from updated literature concerning the data related to pathogenetic mechanisms and pathophysiology as well as the management of this interesting syndrome.
Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, myoglobin, crush syndrome
The first case of the crush syndrome, which constitutes one of the main causes of rhabdomyolysis, was reported in Sicily in 1908, after an earthquake1,2. In 1930, in the Baltic area, an epidemic of myoglobinuria was observed due to consumption of contaminated fish. Interest in rhabdomyolysis and crash syndrome was stimulated during the World War II particularly after the bombing in London, where the victims developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria1.
Rhabdomyolysis is a rupture (lysis) of skeletal muscles due to drugs, toxins, inherited disorders, infections, trauma and compression3. Lysis of muscle cells releases toxic intracellular components in the systemic circulation which leads to electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, metabolic acidocis, coagulation defects and acute renal failure due to myoglobin4.
The skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical myofibrils, which contain variant structural and contraction proteins. Actin and myosin, arranged in thin and thick filaments respectively, form the repeated functional units of contraction, the sarcomeres5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum constitutes an important cellular calcium storage. It is structurally connected to the t-tubules, that are formed by invaginations of the muscle cell plasma membrane, the sarcelemma, around every fibril (Figure 1). After the sarcelemma depolarization, the stimulation arrives, through the t-tubules junctions, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the calcium ions release and triggering muscle contraction6.</span>
The classes of chordata which are warm-blooded are birds and mammals.
Explanation:
Warm-blooded animals are those which can maintain their body temperature at a constant.
These classes of chordates balance their internal body temperature with that of the outer environment. When the outer environment is cold, they increase their internal temperature by producing more heat; and when it is hot outside they reduce their internal temperature by cooling themselves.
The food consumed by a warm-blooded animal fuels to maintain a constant body temperature and hence they require more food.
Warm blooded animals cool themselves with the help of sweat glands.
The skin and other parts like fur in birds help to keep the animals warm during winter. Birds also shed their fur in hot season to keep them light. Birds migrate to warm regions during winter.
These animals have high stamina and energy to survive environmental changes. They maintain their temperature through endothermy, homeothermy or tachymetabolism.
Whale living in water is the fish which is also warm blooded because it is a mammal.
Which cell structure most resembles the human nervous System?
B. Endomembrane system
Everything we have today is because of the industrial revolution
