Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
i know that 2+2= 4 jdkfkek
By completing with other nations and expanding boundaries
<span>Karl Lashley failed to find evidence for the specific location of the engram's because the maze running behavior that he was studying has a complex set of related memories that are in existence in another parts of the brain.</span>
