In the 1850s, new types of machinery being produced increasingly needed oil for lubrication. And the main sources for oil at the time, whaling and collecting oil from seeps, simply couldn't meet the demand. Someone had to find a way to reach into the ground and extract the oil.
The 'global warming' would have been a cause that led to the agricultural revolution. As climates became warmer, crops would have grown more sufficiently and domesticated animals would have had a higher chance to survive which increased food supplies and also led to the rise of the industrial revolution.
Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)—thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867)—and, at least nominally, returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the emperor Meiji). In a wider context, however, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 came to be identified with the subsequent era of major political, economic, and social change—the Meiji period (1868–1912)—that brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country.
The restoration event itself consisted of a coup d’état in the ancient imperial capital of Kyōto on January 3, 1868. The perpetrators announced the ouster of Tokugawa Yoshinobu (the last shogun)—who by late 1867 was no longer effectively in power—and proclaimed the young emperor to be the ruler of the Japan. Yoshinobu mounted a brief civil war that ended with his surrender to imperial forces in June 1869.
Sorry i do not understand
Smallpox.
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Natives can fight against the colonials aka new comers. What the native Americans cannot beat is disease.