Answer:
Since the debt crisis, the idea that public credit is the first step aimed at the loss of national sovereignty through an economic intervention has expanded. China Qing and the Ottoman Empire were caught in the vicious circle of debt
It is a very similar story that two of the most powerful empires of the pre-modern era became states that depend on international credit in the industrial age. Qing China and the Ottoman Empire suffered a long period of decline that ended their imperial status by 1840.
Explanation:
The two countries suffered some kind of crisis towards the second half of the century that pushed them towards indebtedness abroad, which would lead to the contracting of debt in international markets in order to cope with their long decline, and with the hope of modernize their industry. Following that debt would lead them to accept, foreign intervention.
During the war, the Turks, without an army with the power to confront the Egyptians, had to request the help of their former enemies, forcing the intervention of Britain and Russia. International aid was not free, and its price was through the Balta Treaty, where Turkey agrees to adopt a free market system, withholding taxes on imports.
The case of the Qing dynasty in China was very similar. By 1820, the empire showed symptoms of clear economic damage. Stuck in an extremely restrictive trading system, through which all international trade demanded through the Cohong guild, China collided with Western interests during the First Opium War. The defeat marked the beginning of a long process of decline.
Answer:
James Madison wrote Federalist paper No. 10, in which he described how a central government would avoid breaking down into factions. The purpose of the Federalist Papers in general was to convince anti-federalist states to ratify the Constitution.
Explanation:
Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion begun by Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 9. Hamilton had enunciated the destructive nature that facicious behavior could have in a republic, so Madison addresses the possible way to eliminate its negative effects. Madison defines the faction as "a number of citizens, who can be both a majority and a minority of the total, united in an action motivated by passions or interests contrary to the rights of other citizens or contrary to the permanent interests of the community". The author identifies the unequal distribution of wealth, generating the division into social classes within society, as the main cause of the faction.
C. Inevitable
They were going to need to expand any way because they were running out of room on the East coast
God had created a rational universe that could only be understood through reason.
