Frederick Lugard justifies Britain's actions of imperialism by saying that Britain will be honoured for its efforts to improve foreign societies.
In "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa", Lugard argues that Britain needed to provide for their growing population by opening new markets, opportunity for emigration, employment and taking raw materials that were not being used in Africa. In exchange, they would bring the benefits of western political organization, commerce and infrastructures.
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The U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review—the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. Marbury sued the new secretary of state, James Madison, in order to obtain his commission.
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First published in 1890, Jacob Riis's remarkable study of the horrendous living conditions of the poor in New York City had an immediate and extraordinary impact on society, inspiring reforms that affected the lives of millions of people.
Jacob Riis was very concerned with the treatment that immigrants received when they came to America. He did a lot of research and reporting of the conditions that immigrants faced such as work issues and living conditions. He wanted to improve the living conditions that these individuals had and address working issues.
The book was successful. Soon after its publication, The New York Times lauded its content, calling it a "powerful book".
Because of this awakening caused by Riis' efforts, many reforms were quickly compiled to improve conditions for the working poor. In 1894, the Tenement House Committee was established. In 1895, they published the New York Tenement House Act, which outlawed rear tenements and also was the first official document to supplement a written description of tenement housing with photographs.
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Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. Tanganyika gained independence on Dec. 9, 1961, and became a republic one year later. On April 26, 1964, it joined with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
