The Anti-Federalists wouldn't support the ratification of the Constitution without a bill of rights added to it because they felt that the Constitution wouldn't list or protect the peoples rights so they wanted their rights clearly listed in the Constitution.
The Federalists didn't think the constitution needed a bill of rights because the people and states kept any power not given to the government as a way to safeguard and ensure that the new nations government would ever become too powerful.
Johnson was pro-slavery and during reconstruction he was lenient towards leaders of the confederacy. Meanwhile, Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South for the Civil War, and they wanted to keep their party in power in the government for both the North and the South. Remember for later, the civil war was driven by westward expansion and power. While slavery had a lot to do with the cause of the war, Johnson and Radical Republicans were driven by their want for power.
The Plessy v. Ferguson supreme court case of 1896. This stated that there can be seperation, however, everybody must have equality in what they get. This however, resulted in African Americans and other minorities getting "less rights" than the White Americans. This led to state-sponsored segregations
hope this helps
