<span>There are three types of seismic waves. These are classified on the basis of their penetration in the earth's surface and their arrival to seismographs. First are primary waves, which arrive first and penetrate the deepest. Then are the secondary waves, which penetrate less and arrive after primary waves. Finally are the surface waves, which do not penetrate the earth's surface and arrive the latest.</span>
Speciation, the evolutionary process by which new species are formed, is clearly responsible for the ultimate generation of species diversity over geologic time.
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Identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another by chromosomal translocation.
In terms of genetics, a translocation takes place when chromosome fragments and the (often two) fragmented portions reassociate with other chromosomes. For the diagnosis of several genetic diseases and syndromes, the finding of chromosomal translocations can be crucial.
Multigene families are groups of related or identical genes that have developed by gene duplication. It is thought that a single ancestral gene was duplicated and varied to create multigene families. The multigene families that code for actins, hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, tubulins, interferons, histones, etc. are a few examples.
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