Both the ancient Mesopotamian and ancient Egyptian civilizations began in river valleys in dry climates. Both civilizations modi
fied their environment in a number of ways. For example, they built canals and dams, which provided water for farming and saved their cities from flooding and drought. Both of these regions thrived for thousands of years. Think about how important it is for a government to provide a stable food supply, laws, and protection for a civilization to thrive. Based on what you’ve learned about ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, what kind of leadership does such a civilization need? What does a government need to do to protect the way of life for its people? Can you think of any instances when the government did not attend to the needs of the people?
The wheel is considered one of the oldest and most important inventions of civilization. With the aid of this invention, transportation, the mode of warfare, and everyday life are facilitated. The wheel as an invention is attributed to the Sumerians, the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia, which is the oldest known civilization.
Burgess originally meant a freeman of a borough (England, Wales, Ireland) or burgh (Scotland). It later came to mean an elected or unelected official of a municipality, or the representative of a borough in the English House of Commons. The term was also used in some of the American colonies.
