Sexual reproduction:
Advantages: A species can evolve or adapt to changing environments, genetic diversity
Disadvantages: Time and energy needed to find a mate, requires both male and female gametes, one individual cannot reproduce
Asexual reproduction:
Advantages: Only one individual is needed to reproduce, doesn’t require time or energy to find a mate, can reproduce rapidly in good conditions
Disadvantages: No genetic variation, all of the offspring have the same weaknesses, can’t adapt or evolve
A mutation is any alteration in the genetic material (nucleotide sequence) of an organism. Mutations can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial depending on the environment in which the orgasm lives.
- In this case, the mutation IS HARMFUL because the organism is not more able to break down starch.
- The deleterious mutations are eliminated (selected) by natural selection.
- Beneficial germline mutations can eventually be inherited, increasing their frequency in the population.
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<h2>Muscular strength</h2>
Explanation:
Muscles that are elongated while activated (i.e., eccentric muscle action) are stronger and require less energy (per unit of force) than muscles that are shortening (i.e., concentric contraction) or that remain at a constant length (i.e., isometric contraction)
stronger muscle contraction includes:
- Potassium accumulate in the sarcoplasm
- Increase in muscle belly circumference
- Increased stimulus frequency
- Increased requirement
- Lesser proportion of motor neurons to muscle fibers
weaker muscle contraction includes:
- Begin contraction with muscle already 50% contracted
- Circular arrangement of muscle fascicles
- Lower sarcoplasm pH
Answer:
sponges, cnidarians, marine worms, lophophorates, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and the hemichordates.
Explanation:
