Remaining healthy in Elizabethan England was a challenge.
This is the central idea of the passage. We know this because it says, "there is no concept of 'health and safety'. Other details that reveal this as a central idea are "contemporary standards of cleanliness will worry you", "People die every day from unknown ailments", and "Infectious diseases periodically kill thousands". This all shows that remaining healthy in England was a challenge.
• He shows loyalty to his men by protecting them and fighting Grendel alone
•He shows loyalty to his king when he asked Hrothgar to send his reward to his king if he died in battle.
What are you exactly asking us to do?