1. Oxygen is required for cellular respiration and is used to break down nutrients, like sugar, to generate ATP (energy) and carbon dioxide and water (waste). Organisms from all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, archaea, plants, protists, animals, and fungi, can use cellular respiration.
2. Mitochondria are often called the “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy-carrying molecule.
3. Some cells have more mitochondria than others because they need to process more glucose and produce more ATP.
4. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae.
5. In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas.
6. Cellular respiration is the process through which cells convert sugars into energy. To create ATP and other forms of energy to power cellular reactions, cells require fuel and an electron acceptor which drives the chemical process of turning energy into a useable form.
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Answer:
38.2M Cases and 1.09M Deaths.
Explanation:
The Outbreak started in China and spreaded into the United States and is now a pandemic.
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer:
water molecules undergo the 'tug of war' via the cohesion-adhesion theory
Explanation:
In plants specifically, a transpiration stream is formed via osmosis from roots into xylem and travels by the apoplast pathway to the leaves, where the water then evaporates from stomata into the surrounding air along the diffusion gradient. the water loss from the mesophyll cells lowers their water potential therefore water moves in via osmosis by both apoplast and symplast pathway from adjacent cells. water bonded to water= cohesion, water bonded to carbohydrates of xylem walls= adhesion. water is drawn up in tug of war-esc fashion against gravity to replace water evaporated, resulting in cohesion-adhesion theory.
Answer:
B. Thymine
Explanation:
The thymine pairs with adenine. Thus, option (B) is the correct answer.
