The skin of a cell
molecule flow from high to low
glucose facilitation
ion channels
B) wavelength
Notice how Z goes from one wave's crest (top) to another's crest. Wavelength can also be measured from a wave's trough (bottom) to the next one's trough.
When a new technology is introduced, there is geo-testing performed to see how this new extraction method effects the environment. The over all effects and efficiency are what should determine the acceptance of these solutions.
Many different ways, primarily through bone and muscle loss. The lack of pressure on bones causes the body to reabsorb calcium from them, weakening them and potentially causing kidney stones.