Layer D is the youngest layer
Loss of biodiversity affects the ecosystem in many ways. For example, if a species disappears, the animals/plants that it fed on will suddenly increase in population due to loss of predators. The predators of the lost species, however, will go down in population because its main source of food has disappeared.
The reproductive system has four functions: To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring.
Answer:
mutation, recombination, and immigration of genes.
