Question

Why does the amount of heat received by places far from the equator become less?

Answer 1

If the Earth were a disk with its surface perpendicular to the rays of sunlight, each point on it would receive the same amount of radiation.  However, the Earth is a sphere and aside from the part closest to the sun, where the rays of sunlight are perpendicular to the ground, its surface tilts with respect to the incoming rays of energy with the regions furthest away. Hope this answers the question.