Answer:
a) to provide NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and for dealing with oxidative stress
d) to provide ribose-phosphate for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
Explanation:
During the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized into pentose phosphates. This pathway uses NADP as an electron acceptor and reduces it into NADPH. The products of this pathway, the pentose phosphates are used by the cells to synthesize nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). The pentose phosphates are also used for the synthesis of nucleotides and coenzymes such as NADH, FADH2, etc.
These synthetic pathways are particularly occurring at a higher rate in the rapidly dividing cells such as the cells of bone marrow, skin. The NADPH formed during this pathway is used by cells as an electron donor for the reactions of reductive biosynthesis. Some of these pathways are the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and steroid hormones. NADPH is also involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species such as oxygen radicals. These ROS are responsible for oxidative stress.
Answer:
the immune system needs B cells and memory B cells form into memory cells so that remember the same pathogen and the antibody used to take it down for faster antibody production in future infections when most of the same antigens infect the body again.
Explanation:
When the body senses foreign substances like antigens, the immune system works to recognize the antigens and get rid of them. B Cells that have a certain antibody codes/proteins for the specific antigen are triggered or activated by T cells to make the specific antibodies, or immunoglobulins, to use against the antigens, by locking onto the antigen and putting the antibodies into the antigen directly.
During anaphase 1 chromosomes in the homologous pair moves to the opposite poles.
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Explanation:</u></h3>
The chromosomes that are having their pairs with similar length, position of centromere and staining pattern refers to the homologous chromosomes. These chromosomes have genes with the corresponding loci. One of these chromosomes will be inherited from the father and the other will be inherited from the mother.
The chromosomes in the pair gets attached to the fibers from the opposite poles. The chromatids that are sister will get attached to the fiber from the same poles. The centromere will not get divided during the anaphase 1 and thus the homologous chromosomes will move to the opposite poles. This causes the homologous chromosomes to get separated.
Answer:
b. 17%
Explanation:
Let's begin by stating that the human genome possesses around 3,000 millions of base pairs.
Therefore, if this retrotransposon is around 1,000 base pair and possesses 516,000 copies, it will produce 516,000,000 of base pairs overall.
Let's consider,
516 millions
--------------------- × 100
3000 millions
= 17.2% (approximately 17%)
it gives us a percentage of the human genome which is for this transposon.
