Answer:
A.overstate; substitution
Explanation:
Consumer Price Index (CPI): is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. It is calculated by taking the average of the price changes for each item in the predetermined goods. Changes in the CPI are used to assess price changes associated with the cost of living therefore the CPI is used economist for identifying periods of inflation or deflation.
when we say the CPI overstate inflation; it is because of:
Substitution bias (when the price of a product in the consumer basket increases substantially, consumers tend to substitute lower-priced alternatives; Therefore, it tends to overstate inflation due to a lack of accountability
) and;
Quality bias (over time, technological advances increase the life and usefulness of products).
Answer: 5.52%
Explanation:
Given the following :
Face value (f) = $1000
Bond price(p) = 96% of face value = 0.96 × 1000 = $960
Coupon rate = 5% Semi-annually = 0.05/2 = 0.025
Payment per period (C) = 0.025 × 1000 = $25
Period(n) = 10 years = 10 × 2 = 20
Semiannual Yield to maturity = [(((f-p)/n) + C) / (f + p)/2]
Semiannual YTM = [(((1000 - 960) / 20) + 25) / (1000 + 960)/2]
Semiannual Yield to maturity = [(((40 /20) + 25) / 1960/2]
= (2 + 25) / 980
= 27 / 980 = 0.02755 = 2.755% = 2.76%
Pretax cost of debt = Yield to maturity = 2 × Semiannual yield to maturity
Pretax cost of debt = 2 × 2.76% = 5.52%
Answer:
The correct answer is (d)
Explanation:
Elasticity means a change in price will change the supply or demand more than the price change. If the demand is inelastic, then the increase in price will increase the tax revenues because the demand will not change much compared to the price change. Likewise, this phenomenon is the same in the case of supply; the increase in taxes will decrease the overall quantity supplied, which will decrease the overall tax collection or tax revenue.
