One of the first and most prominent anthropologists to focus on the impact of European expansionism on indigenous cultures worldwide was <u>Eric Wolf.</u>
Eric Wolf was an anthropologist who was concerned with the impact of European imperialism on indigenous cultures, on whom he called ‘people without history’.
Wolf developed a theory comparable to world-systems theory. He argued that Europe grew till the late 18th century maintaining tributary relations with its colonies. Colonial state structures were arranged in a way to protect and promote the economic interest of Europe.
In this process, new ‘tribes’ were created who became collaborators and were incorporated into the mercantile system. He analyzed how capitalist, tributary, and kinship mode of production integrated and transformed society and cultures in the colonies.
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The point of view of the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho towards the land where they lived was one of protection and balance and differed from the points of view of the settlers and miners who only wanted to exploit the Earth's natural resources.
The inhabitants of America before the arrival of the Europeans were made up of thousands of indigenous cultures distributed throughout the territory. In the case of North America, there were indigenous cultures such as the Cheyennes, Arapahos, and Lakota.
- The Cheyenne were a nation of Native Americans who inhabit the Great Plains of the United States.
- The Arapahos were an Amerindian community that historically lived east of the Great Plains of the current states of Colorado and Wyoming of what is now part of the United States.
- The Lakotas or Lakhotas are people who live on the northern banks of the Missouri River. They are part of the Sioux tribe, historically they had been a nomadic group although currently, they lead a sedentary way of life.
The vision that these indigenous communities had about the land in which they lived was to live in harmony and balance with the land, it was not a possession but an entity superior to them that should be protected and cared for.
On the other hand, the vision of the settlers and miners on the land was one of extraction and economic use. They wanted to get as much wealth out of it as possible in different ways. For example, they exploited the mineral mines, cut down trees to sell wood, they killed animals to sell their meat and skins, among others.
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"Although many of the Founding Fathers acknowledged that slavery violated the core American Revolutionary ideal of liberty, their simultaneous commitment to private property rights, principles of limited government, and intersectional harmony prevented them from making a bold move against slavery. In his initial draft of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson condemned the injustice of the slave trade and, by implication, slavery, but he also blamed the presence of enslaved Africans in North America on avaricious British colonial policies. Jefferson thus acknowledged that slavery violated the natural rights of the enslaved, while at the same time he absolved Americans of any responsibility for owning slaves themselves."
Answer:
Byzantium was created to preserve the civilization and values of both the Greeks, and Romans.
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal reforms sparked an ongoing national debate on the extent to which the federal government should intervene in big business and the lives of average Americans.
