The topic referred to above is Positive Economics.
Positive economics: It is the study of economics through an objective and analytical perspective. Most economists enumerate their future predictions on their past and present experiences i.e. what has already happened and what is happening in a particular economy. This investigation process is economically very advantageous.
Advantages of Positive Economics:
Policymakers can use positive economic theory to execute normative value judgments.
To learn more about Positive Economics, visit the following link:
brainly.com/question/14300080
#SPJ4
The answer is "<span>economic risks".
</span><span><span>
</span><span>Economic risk</span><span> is the possibility
that macroeconomic conditions like trade rates, government direction, or
political security will influence a venture, typically one in a remote nation.
Beside the business hazard related with making the plant profitable, the
semi-conductor company is open to economic risk.</span></span>
I would say that the question "How can markets be kept competitive" would not be important for a communist or socialist society as production would not be to meet a world capitalist market price but would be for fulfilling the basic necessities of the people like healthcare and education and food and clothing as well as for mutually beneficial trade with other countries on an equitable basis.
Answer:
The correct answer is option D.
Explanation:
The money equation given by Irving fisher is popularly known as fisher's equation.
The equation is given as MV=PT
Here, M represents money supply, V is the velocity of money, P is the price level and T refers to the volume of transactions or output level.
The supply of money refers to the quantity of money in existence while the velocity of transactions shows the number of times, money changes hands. Together they show the volume of money in circulation.
P is the average price level and T represents the expenditures on all transactions or, in other words, output level.
Here, V and T are assumed to be constant. This means that the money supply directly affects the price level.
There is no explicit mention of the interest rate in this equation.
So, option D is the correct answer.