Answer:
B. Tigris and Euphrates river valley
Explanation:
The Louisiana Purchase, which was actually made by Jefferson himself, was a shift in his general principles because it required great power on behalf of the federal government, which Jefferson himself didn't like. The same goes for the Monroe Doctrine.
Answer: 3. Ideological divisions
Explanation:
In the late nineteenth century, people were basically divided among the two strongest contending parties which are the Democratic and Republican parties.
The masses were strongly involved in the political affairs leading to large voters turnout. Some political analysts attribute the passion with which people supported their political affiliations to cultural inclinations.