The Cost of Good Sold is $36,000 lower than it should have been and the net income is $36,000 higher than it should have been.
There are two formulas that are important to know for this question. The first is Beg. Inventory + Purchases - Ending Inventory = COGS. The second formula is Sales - Cost of Good Sold = Gross Profit.
If you reported a higher ending inventory it is going to result in a lower value for Cost of Good Sold. In this case the company had too high of an ending inventory by $36,000, which mean that the COGS is $36,000 lower than actual.
When you have a COGS that is lower than it should be you are going to have a gross profit which is overstated. The Income is overstated by $36,000.
According to the Consider This box about hypothetical countries Slogo, Sumgo, and Speedo, small differences in economic growth rates make for large differences in real GDP per capita over several decades, assuming the same growth of population for each country.
For small countries ( less population and same growth of population over the years) even small growth rates makes a large change in real GDP per capita over the years.
The net loss or gain is calculated on hedging to determine whether the hedge has been beneficial for the company or not. Hedging is a process to transfer exchange rate movement risk. This is usually suitable for the companies who have receipts or payments in foreign currencies.
The hedging gain loss can be calculated as:
Forward rate at the time of contract - spot rate today
