Which molecule is used by so as an energy source

Biology

1 answer:

kari74 [83]3 years ago

7 0

ATP

Eukaryotic cells use three major processes to transform the energy held in the chemical bonds of food molecules into more readily usable forms — often energy-rich carrier molecules. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate, or ATP, is the most abundant energy carrier molecule in cells.

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A bear walks into the room. In response, you run away. Trace the events that occur from the initial release of epinephrine to th

Kaylis [27]

Answer:

a. Epinephrine >> G protein-coupled receptor >> cAMP >> phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase >> glucose

b. Cellular respiration >> glycolysis >> pyruvate oxidation >> Krebs cycle >> acetyl CoA>> oxidative phosphorylation

c and e. Acetylcholine >> nicotinic receptors >> sodium ions (enter to the cells) >> muscular action potential >> contraction

d. Action potential >> resting potential >> potassium channels open >> sodium channels open >> threshold potential >> voltage-gated sodium channels and potassium channels open >> membrane repolarization >> resting membrane potential (steady state of the cell)

Explanation:

Epinephrine binds to G protein-coupled receptors, triggering the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is a second messenger associated with the phosphorylation of 1-glycogen phosphorylase (GP) that breaks down glycogen (the storage form of glucose) into glucose, and 2-glycogen synthase (GS), involved in the production of glycogen (i.e., phosphorylation inhibits GS activity). On the other hand, during cellular respiration, glucose is used to synthesize ATP via three sequential steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate that is subsequently oxidated into Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), generating NADH and ATP. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA is combined with the oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, generating NADH, FADH2 and ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to pump protons against an electrochemical concentration gradient, which is finally used to synthesize more ATP. On the other hand, during muscle contraction, acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors and sodium ions enter the muscle fiber, thereby generating a muscular action potential that travels across muscle cells and triggers muscle contraction when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to the protein complex troponin by sarcomere shortening (sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle fibers). This contraction ends when Ca2+ ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (a unique organelle of endoplasmic reticulum in the sarcoplasm). On the other hand, an action potential is defined as a fast and propagating change of the resting membrane potential of neuron cells. In the resting potential, potassium ion (K+) channels open, thereby K+ ions can enter/exit inside the cell. A stimulus causes the depolarization of the cell by opening Na+ channels that enter into the neuron. At the threshold potential, more sodium channels open, thereby voltage across the membrane reaches its most positive value. Subsequently, channels begin to close and more potassium channels open. Finally, the membrane repolarizes (K+ ions leave the cell) and cells return to the resting membrane potential, i.e., the steady-state of the cell.

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Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms? A. insertion of its DNA i

lapo4ka [179]

Answer:

<h2>Through production of news cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation. Letter B</h2>

Explanation:

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3 years ago

Which are produced as a result of meiosis?

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Meiosis, is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each paternal and maternal chromosome.

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Which of the following describe solutions to environmental problems in the region?

alekssr [168]

"Coordination of environmental efforts between industry, government, and citizens" is the one among the following choices given in the question that describe <span>solutions to environmental problems in the region. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the fifth option or the last option. I hope that this is the answer that has come to your desired help.</span>

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Simulate a 24-hour day (12 hours of light, 12 hours of dark). How many snails and plants do you need to keep a stable environmen

Lisa [10]

Answer:

One snail for two plants.

Explanation:

One snail and two plants we need to keep a stable environment because the snails help to clean up garden debris by feeding on them and their feaces has nitrogenous nature which is nutritive for the plants. So the plants get nutrients from the snail as well as carbondioxide gas used by the plants for the process of photosynthesis. So we can say that snails are important for maintaining a stable environment.

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