They held it for 88 years; 1099-1187
Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies
The west African Kingdom of Mali grew in wealth and power by controlling the trading of gold and salt.
The Republican party began as a coalition of anti-slavery "Conscience Whigs<span>" and </span>Free Soil Democrats<span> opposed to the </span>Kansas–Nebraska Act<span>, submitted to Congress by </span>Stephen Douglas<span> in January 1854.</span>
