Question

This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). To support your judgment, your answer should highlight at least one specific reformer, region, cultural development, and form of violence.

Answer 1

Answer:

My choice of the Religious-based Reform is the The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Explanation:

1. Discussion on the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence).

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also called the Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. It began with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and largely ended with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648. The reform was initiated to address the effects of the Protestant Reformation, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of apologetic and polemical documents and ecclesiastical configuration as decreed by the Council of Trent. The last of these included the efforts of Imperial Diets of the Holy Roman Empire, exiling of Protestant populations, heresy trials and the Inquisition, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, and the founding of new religious orders. Such policies had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.

Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

It also involved political activities that included the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Protestants. One primary emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to reach parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic and also try to reconvert areas such as Sweden and England that were at one time Catholic, but had been Protestantized during the Reformation.

Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965. One of the "most dramatic moments" at that council was the intervention of Belgian Bishop Émile-Joseph De Smed when, during the debate on the nature of the church, he called for an end to the "triumphalism, clericalism, and legalism" that had typified the church in the previous centuries.

Key events of the period include: the Council of Trent (1545–1563); the excommunication of Elizabeth I (1570) and the Battle of Lepanto (1571), both occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory, the founding of the Gregorian University, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci under Pope Gregory XIII; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei (later put on trial); the final phases of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League by Innocent XI during the Great Turkish War.

2. To support my judgment, my answer highlights at least one specific reformer, region, cultural development, and form of violence: The reform officially commenced by the agfitation of Rev. Prof. Martin Luther King, a Catholic Priest who placed a Ninety-Five count Charges on the central entrace door of St Peter's Basilica. Amongst the chief points of his agitaions were the sell of indulgence, the Transustantiation, the exquistite life styles of the monks, the Doctrine of the "Just shall live by faith." John Calvin and John Zwingli joined in the protest from France and Switzerland respectively.   Rev. Prof. Martin Luther King, died in the war between his group the Lutherians and the church army. He never founded the Lutherian church but the movement, later transformed into a church after his death. Their protestantism  movement spread across Europe and beyond changing many practices and rituals of the church. Francis Xavier, a Jesuit Priest did the consolidated internal reforms of the Catholic church with his Jesuit priests and their fundamental agitations which eventually transformed the church to a better sect hitherto.

Answer 2

Protestantism in mainland Europe began with the publication of the Ninety-Five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517. Martin Luther was a Catholic priest who disagreed with many of the teachings of the Church, such as the sale of indulgences. He complained about such practices in his Ninety-Five Theses.

Many people were inspired by his work, and his followers became known as Protestants, as they were protesting the shortcomings of the Catholic Church. However, such protests and conversions were controversial, and they were the target of much hate. This led to violence in many different areas, such as the Holy Roman Empire, Luther's home. As Protestantism spread, it also led to political conflict, as the number of converts increased and the governments of countries needed to decide what to do with these people.