Religion (and other civic associations) provide an outlet for public opinion that is often critical of the nation-state.
Outlawing religion doesn't work unless there are no other civic institutions such as unions, political parties, and local governments.
Religion is always the way to speak out against the nation-state even if the leaders are chosen by the state because the prayers of groups of men can be done without leaders.
It made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and made it so the president could imprison non citizens.
Answer:
c.slavery was based on entirely on race
