Blood is essential for many organisms, such as humans and animals, for its important function of transporting substances (food, oxygen), vitamins, waste (carbon dioxide), hormones, etc. to all tissues and cells of the body.
1) Blood volume
If the blood volume increases ==> the blood flow increases.
2) Viscosity of blood
If we have an increase in blood viscosity ==> we have a decrease in blood flow
3) Peripheral Resistance
If there is an increase in peripheral resistance ==> the blood flow decreases
4) Diameter of blood vessels
If we have an increase in diameter of
blood vessels ==> decreased peripheral resistance ==> increased blood flow
5) Blood pressure
If the blood pressure increases ==> the blood flow increases.
6) In case of diseases
In the case of atherosclerosis or acute coronary syndrome ==> blood flow decreases.
7) Physical excercises:
During physical exercises ==> the heart rate increases ==> the blood flow increases.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Answer:
The correct answer is option b, that is, inhibition of vasopressin.
Explanation:
Vasopressin also called ADH or anti-diuretic hormone results in the resorption of water by the collecting duct and the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, and thus, minimizes the reduction of water via urine. Consuming ethyl alcohol results in the prevention of the secretion of ADH that results in frequent urination.
The groundwater is being discharged faster than it is being recharged is the data suggested.
Option D
<h3><u>Ex
planation:</u></h3>
Ground water level is the level of underground storage of water above the impermeable rock layer. The underground water is getting filtered through different layers of permeable rocks before it enters the final layer. So it’s fresh and ready to be consumed as it is taken out. Thus for centuries, it’s being used as the source of drinking water.
But with increasing population, the ground water is being consumed at the rate very faster than it can be refilled from different sources like precipitation, rivers and other water bodies. So its level tends to get lower and lower as this continues until the point it gets finished.
Genetic diseases is one of the topics that will be covered in biology
