<span>he Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule is vital for virulence and may inhibit complement activity and phagocytosis. However, there are only limited data on the mechanisms by which the capsule affects complement and the consequences for S. pneumoniae interactions with phagocytes. Using unencapsulated serotype 2 and 4 S. pneumoniae mutants, we have confirmed that the capsule has several effects on complement activity. The capsule impaired bacterial opsonization with C3b/iC3b by both the alternative and classical complement pathways and also inhibited conversion of C3b bound to the bacterial surface to iC3b. There was increased binding of the classical pathway mediators immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to unencapsulated S. pneumoniae, indicating that the capsule could inhibit classical pathway complement activity by masking antibody recognition of subcapsular antigens, as well as by inhibiting CRP binding. Cleavage of serum IgG by the enzyme IdeS reduced C3b/iC3b deposition on all of the strains, but there were still marked increases in C3b/iC3b deposition on unencapsulated TIGR4 and D39 strains compared to encapsulated strains, suggesting that the capsule inhibits both IgG-mediated and IgG-independent complement activity against S. pneumoniae. Unencapsulated strains were more susceptible to neutrophil phagocytosis after incubation in normal serum, normal serum treated with IdeS, complement-deficient serum, and complement-deficient serum treated with IdeS or in buffer alone, suggesting that the capsule inhibits phagocytosis mediated by FcÎł receptors, complement receptors, and nonopsonic receptors. Overall, these data show that the S. pneumoniae capsule affects multiple aspects of complement- and neutrophil-mediated immunity, resulting in a profound inhibition of opsonophagocytosis.</span>
Answer: I want to believe the question is asking for the psychologist that linked intelligence and school success. The name of the psychologist is Alfred Binet.
Explanation: Alfred Binet was a French psychologist alongside Theodore Simon developed a test (Binet-Simon intelligence scale) to measure the intellectual skills of French schoolchildren in 1904. Binet equated intelligence with common sense and he defined it as the faculty of adapting to a particular situation. The Binet-Simon test focused on memory and attention and it was developed in other to help identify French schoolchildren with learning disabilities.
The test was later revised by psychologist Lewis Terman and became known as the Stanford-Binet
Answer:
In a postsynaptic cell/neuron where a depolarizing change in the membrane potential surpasses the threshold.
Explanation:
Generally, in an excitable cell, the neurotransmitter binding opens the ligand-gated channels at the synapse. Here only the entrance of the ions will not stimulate the action potential. They must exceed the threshold. Hence, an action potential will only get incited when in a postsynaptic cell/neuron, a depolarizing change in the membrane potential surpasses the threshold.
Its b because it contains rna
Answer:
It's either 8 chromosomes or 4, is one is wrong the other is correct
Explanation:
