The Vijayanagara Empire, also called Karnata Kingdom,[3] was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, members of a pastoralist cowherd community that claimed Yadava lineage.[4] The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. At its peak, it subjugated almost all of South India's ruling families and pushed the sultans of the Deccan beyond the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region, in addition to annexing modern day Odisha (ancient Kalinga) from the Gajapati Kingdom thus becoming a notable power.[5] It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The wealth and fame of the empire inspired visits by and writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes, and Niccolò de' Conti. These travelogues, contemporary literature and epigraphy in the local languages and modern archeological excavations at Vijayanagara has provided ample information about the history and power of the empire.
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They appreciated that the coalmines of the Saar would bring prosperity to France instead of Germany. They also believed that the League of Nations would be a powerful force for peace.
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Indus River Valley
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Modern day Punjab and Sindh provinces were proven to be the Indus's two largest cities : Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
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Christian access was denied and the Holy Sepulcher despoiled
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After the Seljuk Turks secured Jerusalem from the Egyptians in 1071, as well as defeating Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV they denied access to Christian and despoiled the Holy Sepulcher. (church in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. ) later on in the 11th century (1000-1100) Byzantine Emperor Alexius I requested from the west for military aid. Odo of Châtillon otherwise known as Pope Urban II, argued for the recapture and rebuilding of the Holy Sepulcher… which inspired what is known today as the First Crusade.
