A writer picks sentences that are related in some way.
The answer is the first one.
In "Writers often disavow the notion of a 'literary duty'" the author conveys a somewhat condescending attitude, as if they would always follow this and set aside anyone who said otherwise. This attitude says the author is looking down on them, and that the author believes that many authors do not meet their standards.
Another answer I would consider is "...writers ruined by their shrill commitments." However, there is no context or clear tone. The author could be mournful of the lost potential for all we know.
Answer:
Noda organizes the ideas showing that the society's vision for different descendants of foreigners in America is different.
Explanation:
In lines 12-14 of "Growing up Asian in America", Noda shows how citizens' perceptions of descendants of foreigners in America are different. That's because he shows how an American who represents the third generation of a German family, but was born in America is seen in society as an American, that is, he is seen as part of that society. However, this perception is different when it comes to Japanese-American individuals. This is because even though they are part of American society, Japanese-American individuals will be seen as Japanese, someone from outside society and who will carry all the prejudices that American society may have with Japanese and Asians in general.
An example of reinforcement would be a mother gives her son praise (reinforcing stimulus) for doing homework (behavior). The little boy receives $5.00 (reinforcing stimulus) for every A he earns on his report card (behavior).
