The correct answer is B.
The Ptolemaic theory stated that the Earth was the center of the universe, and that all celestial elements (sun, stars, other planets, etc) orbited around it. It was supported by religious beliefs and dogmas and these blocked at first the generalization of alternative theories.
When Galileo Galilei promoted the theory of heliocentrism it generated great controversy. This new theory stated that all celestial elements revolved around the Sun, including the Earth.
The Inquisition, in 1615, investigated the matter and concluded that heliocentrism was a foolish and absurd philosophy, and that it was also heretical since it was contradicting the sense of Holy Scriptures.
In general, no, the convoy system was not a successful strategy because the Germans generally were not afraid to sink the convoys either. But there were instances in which the convoys would engage with a Germany boat and win.
