Im pretty sure that it is jainism. But check on that.
This question has no answer, as it explains the DEVELOPMENTS IN MEDICINE IN WESTERN SOCIETY OVER THE PAST THREE CENTURIES or safe to say this isn't exactly a question, rather it is a list of statements Sociologists are likely to develop in reference to the development of medicine in the western culture.
For instance, Sociologist is a scientist that studies the subject SOCIOLOGY which in turn is the study of society, human social interaction and the rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups and institutions.
With this definition of Sociologist and Sociology, we can deduce that the listed statement;
(a. a trend toward seeing the origins and treatments of disease as physical and explicable in scientific terms
b. the acceptance of the hospital as the setting within which to treat serious illnesses
c. the development of the medical profession as a body with codes of ethics and significant social power
d. the requirement that medical training be systematic and long term) are likely what Sociologist will include in the development of medicine.
I believe the answer is professionalism.
Professionalism would also be translated as a set of skills that expected from someone at a certain job position.
In order to obtain those set of skills, Experiences and formal training are the most crucial factors to have.<span />
Definition:
U-shaped valleys form through glacial erosion. Glaciation develops in established v-shaped river valleys where the ice erodes the surrounding rocks to create a “U” shaped valley with a flat bottom and steep sides. Glacier movement is driven by gravity. When the glacier melts, the landscape is transformed and the U-shaped valleys are clearly visible.
Facial feedback effect happens when the facial muscles triggerasd corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness. In addition, The facial feedback hypothesis explains that our movements could be affected by our emotions. The pioneer of this hypothesis was the psychologist Renee Grinnell.
