Navigation Acts,<span> in English history, name given to certain parliamentary legislation, more properly called the British Acts of Trade. The acts were an outgrowth of</span>mercantilism<span>, and followed principles laid down by Tudor and early Stuart trade regulations. They had as their purpose the expansion of the English carrying trade, the provision from the colonies of materials England could not produce, and the establishment of colonial markets for English manufactures. The rise of the Dutch carrying trade, which threatened to drive English shipping from the seas, was the immediate cause for the Navigation Act of 1651, and it in turn was a major cause of the First </span>Dutch War<span>. It forbade the importation of plantation commodities of Asia, Africa, and America except in ships owned by Englishmen. European goods could be brought into England and English possessions only in ships belonging to Englishmen, to people of the country where the cargo was produced, or to people of the country receiving first shipment. This piece of Commonwealth legislation was substantially reenacted in the First Navigation Act of 1660 (confirmed 1661). The First Act enumerated such colonial articles as sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo; these were to be supplied only to England. This act was expanded and altered by the succeeding Navigation Acts of 1662, 1663, 1670, 1673, and by the Act to Prevent Frauds and Abuses of 1696. In the act of 1663 the important staple principle required that all foreign goods be shipped to the American colonies through English ports. In return for restrictions on manufacturing and the regulation of trade, colonial commodities were often given a monopoly of the English market and preferential tariff treatment. Thus Americans benefited when tobacco cultivation was made illegal within England, and British West Indian planters were aided by high duties on French sugar. But resentments developed. The Molasses Act of 1733, which raised duties on French West Indian sugar, angered Americans by forcing them to buy the more expensive British West Indian sugar. Extensive smuggling resulted. American historians disagree on whether or not the advantages of the acts outweighed the disadvantages from a colonial point of view. It is clear, however, that the acts hindered the development of manufacturing in the colonies and were a focus of the agitation preceding the American Revolution. Vigorous attempts to prevent smuggling in the American colonies after 1765 led to arbitrary seizures of ships and aroused hostility. The legislation had an unfavorable effect on the Channel Islands, Scotland (before the Act of Union of 1707), and especially Ireland, by excluding them from a preferential position within the system. Shaken by the American Revolution, the system, along with mercantilism, fell into decline. The acts were finally repealed in 1849.</span>
Religious minorities were treated as second-rate beings by the Ottoman and Safavid empires. The Janissary system used Christians as the Sultan's bodyguards. The rivalry between Sunni and Shia Muslims was related to who would succeed the Prophet Muhammad.
<h3>What was the Janissary system?</h3>
It was a system formed by several armies.
It was the system formed by the elite army of the Ottoman sultans.
It was the army used to fight Christians.
This system led Christians who refused to convert to Islam as the sultan's slaves and bodyguards.
In the Ottoman and Safavid empires, religious minorities were seen as unfit for society. The sultans of these empires forced the people of the conquered areas to adopt the sultan's religion, Islam. Those who refused would be seen as inferior beings and therefore would be enslaved.
These empires witnessed disputes between Shia and Sunni Muslims. These disputes were based on the dispute over who would succeed the Prophet Muhammad. For the Shias, succession should take place within the descendants of the prophet, but for the Sunnis, the people should elect a successor.
they are the important microscopic organisms in the biotic factors. Bacteria are not always bad. They can break down the dead organism and make it into nutrition.
Ethnography is the detailed account of a society and its culture by observing the social interactions that people have. This gives us an accurate description of a society and its culture as it not influenced by outside factors.
Here, Maria is studying the the lives of women in coffee farming communities in Brazil. She is observing them directly and making sure her presence does not influence their interactions. She is also doing this herself which means her research will not be affected by someone else's perspective.
Hence, she is using the strategy of first-hand ethnographic fieldwork.
