The main change is the countries the immigrants were coming from. The immigrants in 1840s were coming from the Western Europe mainly Ireland and Germany. Immigrants from Asia and Eastern Europe were coming a bit later while during the beginning of the 20th century most of the immigrants came from Italy.
The borders got smaller for a lot of countries at the end of the Great War but the reason for Austria Hungry was because they were the ones to start the war and so as a consequence the victors of the war divided up the Austro Hungarian Empire thus reducing borders.
John Adams was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801. Hope it helps lol
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