Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame.
The direction iron in ocean rocks points
The new crust, formed at constructive/divergent boundary (regarding tectonic plate movement), has band-like patterns that orient in different directions (in alignment with earth's magnetic fields) and visible on the surface. This shows that it is newly made crust made from new magma.
Explanation:
These bands are firmed when the iron minerals in magma orient themselves with the earth's magnetic field before the magma cols into rock and lock the minerals permanently in position. This magma upwells from the mantle to fill the void made when the tectonic plates are moving away from each other.
The earth's magnetic field on the other hand is dynamic. Its angle increases gradually from the true north or south and then flips orientation over several hundred years. The iron minerals therefore will align differently depending on the orientation of the earths magnetic field at the time. This is why the new crust has band-like features visible on its surface.
Learn More:
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Because almost all small streams end up in bigger bodies of water.
The answer is relative dating.
