Answer:
In bryophytes, the sporophyte is minute and dependent on the relatively prominent and nutritionally independent gametophyte for resources. The moss gametophyte looks like a miniature herb, with tiny leaf-like photosynthetic organs. The gametophyte generation begins as a dormant spore, which germinates under appropriate conditions to produce filamentous and branching protonemal tissues. These form multicellular bud-like structures, each of which develops into a leafy shoot. The mature gametophytes produce male and female sexual organs, the antheridia and archegonia, respectively. The gametophyte is often sexually distinct, and plants are either male or female.
Each antheridium has an outer layer that encloses and protects thousands of motile sperm, which swim through available external water layer to the egg. Fertilization at the base of the cylindrical archegonium produces a diploid zygote which develops into an unbranched sporophyte. The sporophyte consists of a thin stalk attached to the gametophyte, and a capsule that encloses the sporophytic meiotic cells.
In recent years, the mosses Physcomitrella patens and Funaria hygrometrica have emerged as attractive model systems for studying gene function in non-vascular plants because of the relative ease of molecular manipulation by homologous recombination. Mutants affecting gametophyte development have been isolated and their analysis should provide insights into the molecular basis of gametophyte development in mosses.
Explanation:
Answer:
Plastids are an organelle type found in all plants and algae, never in animals, fungi, or prokaryotes
. It contains inner and outer membrane
, stroma filled with fluid
, and it has many, many functions.
Middle Lamella is the outermost layer of the cell. It acts as an adhesive, sticking adjacent plant cells together and gives the plant stability, channels in the cell walls that link adjacent cells together, and allow transport of substances and communication between cells.
Explanation:
The answer is; A, B, D
Celular respiration break down carbon-based sources of energy and harness the energy is chemical bonds through ATPs, the energy currency of cells. Some ATP is spent in initiating the biochemical reactions, however, there is a net positive gain in the produced ATPs at the end of the reactions.
<span>This condition is known as Myelomeningocele. This can affect humans of all ages, but is more commonly found in babies who've had birth defects where the spine doesn't develop fully. This can be treated shortly after birth with a surgery.</span>
It was also found that an increase in testosterone during the PASP predicted subsequent willingness to choose competitive tasks (3, 28, 29). ... Aggression research in human studies has revealed an interesting property of testosterone dynamics, its rapid fluctuations provoking reactive aggression in response to stimuli.
